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23hershlag,zy,thenteporaryturkishenoy,london1988
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29karpat,kh,studiesonottoancialandpoliticalhistory,leiden2002
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31keyder,c,stateandclassturkey,london1987
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34lewis,g,odernturkey,newyork1974
35lovatt,d,turkeysce1970,newyork2001
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38nas,tf,liberalizationandtheturkishenoy,newyork1988
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48ta插u,f,turkey:thepoliticsofauthority,deocracyanddevelopnt,newyork1984
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51turnbull,s,theottoanepire1326-1699,newyork2003
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56zurcher,ej,politicaloppositiontheearlyturkishrepublic,leiden1991
附录 奥斯曼王朝苏丹世系表
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